Professional Affiliation

Professor, Development Studies, School of International Service, American University; Director, Oxfam America

Expert Bio

My interest in accountability goes back to growing up during the 1960s in an internationalist household concerned about the relationship between injustice and impunity. In college I combined a broad study of international affairs with human rights activism, which inspired my interest in seeing what building democracy looks like up close. After living in New York City, Nicaragua and Mexico, I decided to focus on Latin American studies while doing graduate work in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. My studies were driven by an analytical puzzle: how do pro-democracy movements win?

My dissertation research in Mexico found unusual policy reforms that created space for the emergence of representative peasant and indigenous organizations in authoritarian rural areas. Since then I have carried out extensive field research in rural Mexico, plus side trips to explore the challenge of rural democratization in Brazil and the Philippines. My research strategy in the 1980s was to do cross-regional, comparative ethnographic research on actors and institutions, both inside and outside the state, to be able to understand both variation and broader patterns. In the 1990s, I scaled up this approach by bringing in the transnational dimension.

After discovering the World Bank's many levers of influence in rural Mexico, I began exploring its environmental and social reforms. In principle, these policy changes sounded remarkably enlightened, including pioneering provisions for public transparency and accountability. This led to a series of field-based studies on the degree to which promises of change were put into practice. The analysis unpacked both public institutions and civil society across local, national and transnational arenas. This approach also proved relevant for analyzing the last decade and a half of cross-border civil society coalitions that have tried to influence the terms of Mexico-U.S. integration. These projects produced four collaborative scholar-practitioner volumes on civil society and policy reform.

In 1996 I became officially interdisciplinary, joining the faculty of an experimental bi/trilingual program (now a full department) of Latin American and Latino Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The basic premise is that in the 21st century, understanding Latinos in the U.S. requires a cross-border approach that takes migrants' countries and cultures of origin into account. At the same time, analysis of a growing list of Latin American countries would be incomplete without also understanding their transnational communities. This comparative and hemispheric lens bridges the distinct intellectual traditions of area and ethnic studies ("juntos pero no revueltos" as we say, "together but not mixed up").

My Wilson Center project will build on several interlocking empirical research projects, both to draw more robust analytical lessons and to round out key concepts. Ever-present terms like transparency and accountability have a certain "you know it when you see it" quality, but it turns out that both scholars and practitioners lack definitions that are both precise and comprehensive.

 

Education

B.A. (1980) Politics, East Asian Studies minor, Princeton University; Ph.D. (1986) Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

 

Subjects

Democratization,Development,International Development,Mexico Politics

 

Experience

• Department Chair, Latin American and Latino Studies, 2000-03; Associate Professor of Social Sciences, 1996-2000, University of California, Santa Cruz
• International Affairs Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, 1995-96
• Assistant and Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988-95

 

 

 

Expertise

 

 

 

Democratization; governance and accountability; social and environmental policy; social and civic movements; local government; international development aid; non-governmental organizations

Wilson Center Project

"Testing the Power of Sunshine: When Does Transparency Lead to Institutional Accountability?"

Project Summary

The contemporary debate over how to buffer the social and environmental costs of globalization has produced a wide range of institutional reforms. Many are based on the assumption that if public and private institutions were more transparent, then their behavior would necessarily be more publicly accountable. In practice, however, transparency is necessary but not sufficient for accountability. This study explores this relationship by asking: under what conditions does transparency promote accountability? The research will compare the track records of international institutional transparency reforms in order to assess their accountability impacts and to determine the specific causal mechanism(s) through which the reforms encouraged those impacts.

Major Publications

• Demanding Accountability: Civil Society Claims and the World Bank Inspection Panel, co-edited with Dana Clark and Kay Treakle (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003)
• Cross-Border Dialogues: US-Mexico Social Movement Networking, co-edited with David Brooks (La Jolla: University of California, San Diego, Center for US-Mexican Studies, 2002)
• The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements, co-edited with L. David Brown (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998)
• "Decentralization and Rural Development in Mexico: Community Participation in Oaxaca's Municipal Funds Program," co-authored with Josefina Aranda, Center for US-Mexican Studies Contemporary Monograph Series, 1996 (La Jolla: University of California, San Diego)
• The Politics of Food in Mexico: State Power and Social Mobilization (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992)